Although Chrome's sandbox does not protect one web site from another in general, it can provide such protection in some cases. Those cases are ones in which HTTP cookies are either reduced in scope or not used at all. One lesson we could draw from this is that cookies reduce the usefulness of Chrome's sandbox.
The scenario we are exploring supposes that there is a vulnerability in Chrome's renderer process, and that the vulnerability lets a malicious site take control of the renderer process. This means that all the restrictions that are normally enforced on the malicious site by the renderer process are stripped away, and all we are left with are the restrictions enforced on the renderer process by the Chrome browser process and the Chrome sandbox.
In my previous blog post, I explained how an attacker site, evil.com, that manages to exploit the renderer process could steal the login cookies from another site, mail.com, and so gain access to the user's e-mail.
The attack is made possible by the combination of two features:
- cookies
- frames
Chrome currently runs a framed page in the same renderer process as the parent page. HTML standards allow framed pages to access cookies, so the browser process has to give the renderer process access to the cookies for both pages.
Because this problem arises from the interaction of these features, one site is not always vulnerable to other sites. There should be a couple of ways that users and sites can mitigate the problem, without changing Chrome. Firstly, the user can change how cookies are scoped within the browser by setting up multiple profiles. Secondly, a site can skirt around the problem by not using cookies at all. We discuss these possibilities below.
- Use multiple profiles: As a user, you can create multiple browser profiles, and access mail.com and evil.com in separate profiles.
Chrome does not make this very easy at the moment. It provides a command line option (--user-data-dir) for creating more profiles, but this feature is not available through the GUI. Chrome's GUI provides just two profiles: one profile (persistent) for normal windows, plus an extra profile (non-persistent) for windows in "incognito" mode.
So, you could log in to mail.com in a normal window and view evil.com in an incognito window, or vice versa. This is safer because cookies registered by a web site in one profile are not accessible to sites visited in another profile. Each profile has a separate pool of cookies. This feature of browser profiles means you can log into one mail.com account in incognito mode and a different mail.com account in normal mode.
It would be interesting to see if this profile separation could be automated.
- Use web-keys instead of cookies: The developers of mail.com could defend against evil.com by not using cookies to track user logins. Instead mail.com could use web-keys. Logging in to mail.com would take you to a URL containing an unguessable token. Such a URL is known as a "web-key". (For technical reasons, the unguessable token should be in the "#" fragment part of the URL.)
This is safer because even if evil.com compromises the renderer process, the Chrome browser process generally does not give the renderer process a way to enumerate other tabs, discover other tabs' URLs, or enumerate the user's browsing history and bookmarks.
Using web-keys has been proposed before to address a different (but related) web security problem, clickjacking. (See Tyler Close's essay, The Confused Deputy Rides Again.)
Using web-keys would change the user interface for mail.com a little. Cookies are the mechanism by which entering "mail.com" in the URL bar can take you directly to the inbox of the e-mail account you are logged in to. Whenever the browser sees "mail.com" as the domain name it automatically adds the cookies for "mail.com" to the HTTP request. (This automatic attachment of credentials makes this a type of ambient authority.) This mechanism adds some convenience for the user, but it is also a means by which evil.com can attack mail.com, because whenever evil.com links to mail.com, the cookies get added to the request too. The browser does not distinguish between a URL entered by the user in the address bar and a URL provided by another site like evil.com.
So if mail.com were changed to remove its use of cookies, you would lose the small convenience of being able to get to your inbox directly by typing "mail.com" without re-logging-in. Is there a way to get this convenience back? An alternative to using cookies to record logins is to use bookmarks. If mail.com uses web-key URLs, you could bookmark the address of the inbox page. To get to your inbox without re-logging-in, you would select the bookmark.
These days the Chrome address bar accepts more than just URLs (which is why the address bar is actually called the "omnibar"), so you could imagine that entering "mail.com" would search your bookmarks and jump to your bookmarked inbox page rather than being treated as the URL "http://mail.com".
Conclusions
There are a couple of possible conclusions we could draw from this:
- Cookies weaken the Chrome sandbox.
- Frames weaken the Chrome sandbox.
If we blame cookies, we should look critically at other browser features that behave similarly to cookies by providing ambient authority. For example, the new LocalFileSystem feature (an extension of the File API) provides local storage. The file store it provides is per-origin and so is based on ambient authority. If mail.com uses this to cache e-mail, and evil.com exploits the renderer process, then evil.com will be able to read and modify the cached e-mail. There are other local storage APIs (IndexedDB and Web Storage), but they are based on ambient authority too. From this perspective, the situation is getting worse.
If we blame frames, this suggests that browsers should fix the problem by implementing site isolation. Site isolation means that the browser would put a framed page in a different renderer process from a parent page. Microsoft's experimental Gazelle browser implements site isolation but breaks compatibility with the web. It remains to be seen whether a web browser can implement site isolation while retaining compatibility and good performance.
Either way, concerned users and web app authors need to know how browser features are implemented if they are to judge how much security the browser can provide. That's not easy, because the web platform is so complicated!
